The Serial Peripheral Interphase - 533 Words

The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a synchronous bi-directional (full duplex) serial data protocol used by microcontrollers to enable communication between one or more peripheral devices that are all of short distances to one another. Furthermore, it can also be used for communication between two microcontrollers; with particular interest between Arduino boards and Multiwii flight controllers. In general, an SPI data link consists of one master; typically a microcontroller which controls one or more peripheral devices known as slaves. Both the master and the slaves share three common lines which include; MISO (Master In Slave Out) which is responsible for transferring data from the slave to the master; MOSI (Master Out Slave In) which is responsible for transferring data from the master to the slaves; and SCK (Serial Clock) which is created by the master and is responsible for synchronising the transmission of data between master and slave in respect clock pulses. There is also SS (Slave Select) line that is specific to a pin on each slave device and in which the master can use to enable and disable specific slave devices. In the case a slave devices SS pin is low, communication is enabled with the master. However in the case it is high, communication is disabled with the master. This allows multiple devices using SPI to share common MISO, MOSI, and CLK lines. Full duplex data transmission occurs during each clock cycle generated by the master in which the masterShow MoreRelatedProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesDivision, which manufactures disk drives, the Lampco Division, which is responsible for Department of Defense (DoD) contracts such as for military application, satellites, and so on, and the Ridge Division, which is the primary research center for peripherals and terminals. CONTINENTAL COMPUTER CORPORATION According to Ed White: Our major problems first began to surface during the early nineties. When we restructured our organization, we assumed that each division would operate as a separate entity

Little Tsukiji The Market Industry Profile Essay

The Market Industry Profile Little Tsukiji is a Japanese restaurant serving sushi, sashimi and teppanyaki. Japanese food is very much popular in Singapore. In Singapore, it is very common for office workers to eat out for lunch. â€Å"As of 2001, there are more than a hundred Japanese restaurants in Singapore, of which about one-third are sushi restaurants. The rest include family restaurants, izakaya, teppanyaki, ramen and fast food restaurants. And in many Japanese restaurants, sushi and/or sashimi is a must on the menu.† (Ng, 2001, Pages 8 – 9) Therefore, the choice of a restaurant specialising in teppanyaki, as it is not as common in Singapore and there is a lot of opportunity to make a mark with differentiation in products. Competition for teppanyaki is not as strong as it is with sushi restaurants as there are not as many teppanyaki restaurants around Singapore. Additionally, where there are a group of restaurants, a few are bound to be Japenese restaurants serving different types of Japanese food. Within the neighbourhood of Tanjong Pagar (targeted location for setting up the restaurant), the Japanese restaurants in the area are that of sushi, sashimi, ramen, gyoza restaurants. There are other Asian cuisine restaurants around the area such as Korean BBQ and Vietnamese food. More details about the competition will be discussed in the next section, â€Å"Competition†. Japanese food is a huge trend in Singapore that is still growing. In Singapore, there are Japanese

Continuous Availability for Financial Services free essay sample

Significance of High Availability and Disaster recovery for Bank IndustryWhen we talk about the high availability in Banking Industry in the current world financial services are globally as well as 24 hours and 7 days’ full time consistent access with the best performance in transaction processing as possible is required and there is simply no time for system downtime or delay. When we focus on credit and debit card transactions: The trading applications are required processing in nanoseconds to authorization as well as process the transactions in real time. And there can be any small amount of system downtime could be possible.Significance of Disaster RecoveryIn banking industry any small amount of system downtime can be effect on large number of transactions which can be few seconds. However, continuity of the services is extremely important in the industry.The best example can be given as: On September 11,2001, the terrorist attack destroyed the World Trade Centre in New York. We will write a custom essay sample on Continuous Availability for Financial Services or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Which is a highly Considered financial area and it ruined the financial system. The banks were located in world Trade center faced an unprecedented disaster. The companies’ back-up facilities which were too close to the primary facilities were disrupted as the primary facilities. Single points of failure in perceived diverse routing resulted in failed back-up communications systems. Due to this attack there is a significant increment of disaster recovery planning, which gives a birth to a new industry called – Disaster Recovery Industry (Source: Robert Bronner ,1997)The Objective of Disaster recovery planning is to protect the bank to minimize the loss during a disaster it is a critical approach to banks.Disaster Recovery Planning divide in to the following measures: Preventive Measures: Preventive Measures focus on Stop the disaster before happening by identify the risks before it happens and minimize the risk. By Data backed up and off site, using surge protectors and etc. Detective Measures: To recognize the any kind of unwanted events among the IT infrastructure. Also can be focus on unfound new threats. This implementation consists fire alarm installation, up to date anti-virus softwares, network monitoring softwares and etc. Corrective Measures: Actions which can be taken after a disaster to restore the system back. Continuous Availability for Financial Services free essay sample When we talk about the high availability in Banking Industry in the current world financial services are globally as well as 24 hours and 7 days’ full time consistent access with the best performance in transaction processing as possible is required and there is simply no time for system downtime or delay. When we focus on credit and debit card transactions: The trading applications are required processing in nanoseconds to authorization as well as process the transactions in real time. And there can be any small amount of system downtime could be possible.Significance of Disaster Recovery: In banking industry any small amount of system downtime can be effect on large number of transactions which can be few seconds. However, continuity of the services is extremely important in the industry. The best example can be given as: On September 11,2001, the terrorist attack destroyed the World Trade Centre in New York. Which is a highly Considered financial area and it ruined the financial system. We will write a custom essay sample on Continuous Availability for Financial Services or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The banks were located in world Trade center faced an unprecedented disaster. The companies’ back-up facilities which were too close to the primary facilities were disrupted as the primary facilities. Single points of failure in perceived diverse routing resulted in failed back-up communications systems. Due to this attack there is a significant increment of disaster recovery planning, which gives a birth to a new industry called – Disaster Recovery Industry (Source: Robert Bronner ,1997)The Objective of Disaster recovery planning is to protect the bank to minimize the loss during a disaster it is a critical approach to banks.Disaster Recovery Planning divide in to the following measures,†¢ Preventive Measures: Preventive Measures focus on Stop the disaster before happening by identify the risks before it happens and minimize the risk. By Data backed up and off site, using surge protectors and etc.†¢ Detective Measures: To recognize the any kind of unwanted events among the IT infrastructure. Also can be focus on unfound new threats. This implementation consists fire alarm installation, up to date anti-virus softwares, network monitoring softwares and etc.†¢ Corrective Measures: Actions which can be taken after a disaster to restore the system back.

Journalism Developments and Debates

Question: Discuss about theJournalismfor Developments and Debates. Answer: Reason for Wanting to Study Journalism Since a long time, I have been cherishing the dream of studying journalism. In todays world, journalism is a dynamic profession. It is not because I will be able to travel various places while collecting news, but because it will allow me to understand the world and the humans. I always had a knack for collecting news and writing it down. However, I want to study the subject to learn professional skills, and theories and practices of journalism from past to the present. As a subject journalism covers a lot of areas. Starting from politics, art and literature, cinema, television, to international relationship, business, science, economics; journalistic writing is applied in all these sectors. After completion of my course, I will be able to choose the area I wish to write about and then explore it with my own capability. Journalism, as a profession, is gaining not only popularity but validity with time. People are hungry for news. They want to know in detail what is happening around the world. They want to know all interesting news. It is the responsibility of the journalists to aware them about every situation. Journalists are bound to find all interesting news and cater them to the public. Even in some cases, their presentation makes the story interesting. I am willing to know how they work and what they focus on. It s also seen how journalism as a profession have undergone changes with the advent of digitization. Now we avail news from internet. Various social media websites are working as a communication platform for the journalists. After doing my course, I will be able to explore my profession with the help of technology. Understanding of Changes in Contemporary Media and the Impact on Journalism In an age of globalization, media has undergone a complete change. Starting from the communication platform to the type of news catered to the public, journalism as profession has become a more dynamic one. Newspaper, radio and television were the main communication media. However, with the technological explosion and development of internet, media has started using these platforms as well. Nielsen et al (2013) opined, Digitization has made the communication easy. It is a fact that we want to get the news as fast as possible. According to Neumayer (2013), in earlier days, newspaper was the only medium. One had to wait for the next day to get the news of the previous day. Then television and radio came. It made the availability of news faster than newspaper. However, these media platforms started become old when internet established itself as the fastest of all. As discussed by Franklin (2012), now, people dont have to wait at all. Every incident of every single moment is catered to people through internet. Such changes have made journalism more challenging than before. With the explosion of news, now we dont want to wait. Even, people do not waste their energy much on same news story because of the availability of bunch of news stories within a short period. Therefore, news stories are having less longevity. Neveu (2016) discussed, it is estimated that between 2007 and 2015, CNN has edited their news packages into half of their original length . It is the challenge of the journalists to make every news story interesting. Otherwise, it will not sustain. Sometimes, it has resulting into yellow journalism which is not acceptable. Kammer (2013) explained that as a negative impact, the journalists serve invalid and not so valuable news stories in some cases to retain public interest. Sometimes, it crosses the limits of libel. However, journalism is not a profession where the journalists can write anything that happens. It is about making the authentic and accurate story and serving it to those who need them. To talk about positive impact of journalism, it is needless to say that it has given birth to personal blogs and websites in large numbers. The aspiring writers are enjoying the freedom of speech. According to Picard (2014), the bloggers do not belong to any specific media banner. Therefore, they are able to exercise their own point of view through blog writing. They are true to their own emotional outcomes and do not depend on any media house. Surely, the profession is earning them both money and job satisfaction. The readers are also exercising their choices. They are given thousands of stories from which they select the ones they prefer to read. Surely the change has made journalism a challenging profession. References Franklin, B. (2012). The future of journalism: Developments and debates. Journalism studies, 13(5-6), 663-681. Kammer, A. (2013). The mediatization of journalism. MedieKultur: Journal of media and communication research, 29(54), 18 Neumayer, C. (2013). New Media, Old News: Journalism Democracy in the Digital Age. Information, Communication Society, 16(7), 1193-1194. Neveu, E. (2016). On not going too fast with slow journalism. Journalism Practice, 10(4), 448-460. Nielsen, R. K., Esser, F., Levy, D. (2013). Comparative perspectives on the changing business of journalism and its implications for democracy. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(4), 383-391. Picard, R. G. (2014). Twilight or New Dawn of Journalism? Evidence from the changing news ecosystem. Digital Journalism, 2(3), 273-283.

Domestic Violence Essays (1704 words) - Domestic Violence, Abuse

Domestic Violence Domestic Violence in America Introduction: Today in American society we have many social ills. Perhaps one of the most upsetting, at least to me personally, is domestic violence. Domestic violence can come in many shapes and forms and affects many different people. Reasons vary for spousal/child abuse, but none are justified. Police/community programs have recently had a more pro-active role in domestic violence, but that is not a solution to our problem at large. On the micro level, the ultimate responsibility of elimination of violence rests on the victim. On the macro level, we must look at our society critically and analyze why we have such an immense problem and how we can help correct it. In the following sections I will discuss domestic violence issues and attempt to offer some solutions. I will frequently use anecdotal evidence, as well as statistical figures. I assign genders to the abuser and victim using he and she or husband and wife frequently?this is for simplification. Although most victimization is male agains t female, I am generalizing for simplicity. Discussion: Domestic violence is a prevalent issue in the United States. There is much controversy as too how much violence actually exists in America (much of it takes place behind closed doors and is difficult to identify), but assuredly we have a problem with the issue as it is reported that almost 4% of American families experienced severe physical violence of a degree that had the probability of inflicting injury or death upon the victim (stabbed, gun used, beat up, punched) (www.silcom.com/paladin/madv/faq-dv.html). This 4% may seem like a small figure, but it equates to four million victims (and that only includes the major injury-inflicting violence). Another source states that 1 in 3 women will be assaulted by a domestic partner in her lifetime (www.npcts.edu/uo/handson/domviol/statfact.html). Another source indicates that 63% of parents have engaged in violent acts towards their children (Assaults Against Women and Children, p. 219). Truly this issue is unacceptable in a civil society such as ours. Domestic violence, when most people hear that term, think of husbands assaulting wives. This is an unfair generalization. Violence is more likely against women than men but nevertheless women are sometimes the perpetrators. Another fact left in the corner when discussing domestic violence is how much occurs between high school boyfriends/girlfriends. Figures indicate that 1 in 10 high school students has experienced physical violence in dating. The figure rises to 22% for college students (www.npcts.edu/uo/handson/domviol/statfact.html). Perhaps most importantly and tragically, children can be affected by domestic violence in both direct and indirect ways. A clear estimate of abuse is difficult to determine due to data collection methods and a precise definition of violence against children, but statistics indicate that up to 3 million children are abused/neglected each year Of this number, a mere 150,000 cases are reported. (Don't Call it Child Abuse, It's Really Poverty, p. 260). This number is astronomical and totally unacceptable. Even if children are not directly abused, many witness their parents abuse each other. As a child I witnessed domestic violence (fortunately mostly verbal) nightly when I was young. I didn't understand why they fought so much and so often. I couldn't imagine the way I would have felt had my parents truly injured each other. Most of the time they broke stuff and yelled and screamed. I remember the only way I could interpret the situation (like many other kids) was to blame myself. The emotional stress violence places on kids (even if not directed at them) is a very serious issue. There are many reasons that spouses choose to beat their wives/children. One explanation that is popular is that of frustration. The (often) male authoritarian figure in the household in today's society is often threatened by a burden of responsibilities. Even if the wife does work, often the male feels responsible to be the ?breadwinner.? If he is unable to fulfill his role, or if he feels that the role is threatened, (job problems or wife earning more), he is likely to become disgruntled. This stressful situation leaves the person feeling powerless and without control. The one place where he (again, most of the time it is a male) can have total power and control is

HCA Healthcare Corp Essays - General Electric, Free Essays

Columbia/HCA Healthcare Corp Essays - General Electric, Free Essays Columbia/HCA Healthcare Corp Business Level Strategy The business level strategy of GE in times past has been concentrated on providing heath care equipment to approximately 300 hospitals that were run by Columbia/HCA Healthcare Corp. But GE, run by Welch, has diversified greatly. Moving from a primarily manufacturing firm to becoming a more service oriented firm. One of the first big steps for GE to move into the services market was when Columbia allowed them to service all of their imaging equipment, including those made by GE's rivals. Differentiation The strategy of differentiation for GE is in their vision of improving the quality of their products and services. Welch decided earlier this year to improve GE quality with the expectation of boosting their revenues. Overall Cost Leader GE is already seeing a competitive advantage in streamlining their organizations that reduce operating costs and increasing revenues. In fact, they have done this so well that other organizations have been willing to hire GE as a consultant to show them the tricks of the trade that will increase their bottom lines. GE has been offering flat rate full service contracts for many of its customers that are raising the eye brows of competitors. Focus The focus for Welch has been directed on GE and GE alone. It was stated that he doesn't sit on any outside corporate boards and is devoted to the success of GE. Prospector GE is definitely categorized as a prospecting type of company. As the article outlines, GE is a company that looks for new markets and new growth opportunities and is willing to accept some level of risk. Along with successfully being involved in Medical Systems, Aircraft Engines, Power Generation, and Transportation, GE has been busy working on global computer services that appears to have phenomenal potential for them. Corporate Level Strategy As all of GE's business entities get direction from Welch on a business level strategy, he has come up with a corporate level strategy that has his competitors guessing what next? Welch appears to have enough vision to see what industry is doing as a whole and not just what the manufacturing industry is doing. This vision has driven his company to seek out opportunities that are more service orientated. Concentration The diversification of GE in recent years tends to make one believe that GE does not concentrate on just one thing. But GE has concentrated on manufacturing as its primary task in the business world. But Welch has changed that task to providing services. A company that can effectively provide a product and then turn around and be the sole service provider for that product will seemingly be in a position to where its competitor cannot touch them. Growth Penetration - GE has been able to increase its customer base by providing a complete package that includes products and services at flat or lower cost. Expansion - GE is also expanding into new areas, such as providing services for its existing product line along with the product line of its competitors. GE is also working on becoming a service provider for corporate computer networks around the world. This would put them in direct competition with IBM and EDS, companies that were not seen as competitors in the past. Globalization GE has been very strong in the international market in the past but is positioning itself with a much broader dominance by implementing a variety of services for companies abroad. Horizontal & Vertical Integration Horizontally, GE is not carving away at its competition all that much, but it wants to become much more vertical in different areas of the international business world. For whatever business GE is in, it wants to be able to dominate it from the top down. This vertical expansion goes forward as well as backward. If GE is unable to buy a given reseller or supplier it makes sure that the contract states that its customer must go through them for all aspects of the business. (i.e. products and services)

Waste Water Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Waste Water Management - Coursework Example It seems impossible that one universal method will be able to satisfy the situation, thus there are several methods and techniques that have been devised to detect and dispose off the organic pollutants. It is important to distinguish the effectiveness and robustness of a technology, while searching for the most efficient one amongst the various water treatment methods available in the market. The need is to overcome the environmental vulnerability, without sacrificing the performance levels of the water treatment techniques. There are several technologies that present effectual solutions for the versatile water treatment issues but at the same time possess considerable flaws. For example, one of the most popularly used water treatment methods is with the help of activated carbon or zeolite surfaces. In this method, the contaminants are separated from the water by transferring them to relatively highly charged surface area of the water sample. The drawback of this method is that the pollutant needs to be disposed after the adsorbent is exhausted and often mixes in the water again. Similarly other methods like, thermal oxidation treatment (extremely energy intensive), biological treatment (which has failed to provide results with high variation of pollutants), have not provided the research community with the desired results. This paper presents a review on the work done on photo catalytic oxidation reactions---a type of Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP's). It presents the option of water treatment by the photo catalytic oxidation process in a UV reactor system to mineralize organic contaminants in water with the help of a semiconductor catalyst TiO2. Thus the paper explores the recovery of water from waste water as an alternative water resource. It also throws light on the different water treatment technologies prevalent today and their comparison with the photo catalytic reactions. Using UV water treatment method for disinfection of waste water dates back to 1915 in the U.S. and since then the costs of the method have depreciated largely, thereby opening news roads and allowing the researchers to develop effective UV methods to disinfect water and wastewater. In these oxidation methods, water is treated with the help of

Air Quality and Environmental Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Air Quality and Environmental Health - Essay Example Indoor smoke from solid fuels and unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene are main causes of 580,000 deaths per year. Urban air pollution and exposure to lead and other pollutants are responsible for 405, 000 deaths (World Health Organization, 2005). Studies from the United States and Europe show that persons in an industrialized nation spend more than 90 percent of their time indoors. The indoors however cannot be rendered safer than outdoors since concentration of airborne substances indoors exceed those outdoors. Individuals exposed to it develop chronic diseases more so for those living in the urban areas. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is the major source of indoor contaminants and it cannot be avoided by nonsmokers who live in the same house. Since the chemicals found in ETS are toxic and carcinogenic, exposure can lead to lung and other cancers, emphysema and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and cardiovascular diseases. Everyone gets a share of the effects of harmf ul ETS but children are particularly susceptible (Environmental Protection Agency, 2007). Aside from environmental tobacco smoke, combustion pollutants can also be found at high levels inside homes. This is normally coming from malfunctioning heating devices and motor vehicle emissions. The combustion sources usually contain gaseous pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Carbon monoxide is an asphyxiant. It can readily combine with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) which disrupts oxygen transport. The highest with the highest oxygen needs are affected first. CO poisoning symptoms is almost similar to influenza. Nitrogen dioxide is an irritant which mainly affects the mucosa of the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract. . Acute S02-related bronchial constriction may also occur in people with asthma or as a hypersensitivity reaction. Pulmonary edema and diffuse lung injury can result form extremely high dose exposure to N02. Acute or chronic bronchitis can result from continued exposure to high N02 levels (Env ironmental Protection Agency, 2007). In addition, airborne lead, mercury vapor, asbestos and radon have its own contribution as health hazards. The microscopic fibers of damaged asbestos-containing material may disperse into the air and inhaled. Its presence within the lungs results to asbestosis, lung cancer and pleural or peritoneal cancer or mesothelioma. The second leading cause of lung cancer is radon. Lead toxicity may alternatively present as acute illness. In children signs and symptoms may include irritability, abdominal pain, emesis, marked ataxia and seizures or loss of consciousness. In adults signs and symptoms include headache, nausea, anorexia, constipation, fatigue, personality changes and hearing loss. Mercury present in paints can be the main source of mercury poisoning (Environmental Protection Agency, 2007). Diesel exhaust particulate is also a primary concern of many communities since it is responsible for 70 percent of the known cancer risk. It also contributes to other respiratory diseases (Air R esources Board, 2005) and pre-existing respiratory diseases can be exacerbated by air pollution. Children who are particularly susceptible to diseases, the Clean Air Coalition claims that children living in more polluted air have

Research skills 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research skills 2 - Essay Example This research aims at interpretation rather than verification of the theories. This paradigm is mostly popular in social sciences research and is the favorite method of anthropologists. Qualitative researchers typically rely on the following methods for gathering information: Participant Observation, Non-participant Observation, Field Notes, Reflexive Journals, Structured Interview, Unstructured Interview, Analysis of documents and materials.( Marshall& Rossman ,1998, page no not known). ‘Qualitative research’ is a broad term encompassing a number of approaches, paradigms and schools. Among these different approaches and traditions of qualitative research, ‘there are widespread concerns for quality.’; ‘the need for principles of practice to be made manifest’ (Spencer et al (2003. p 4) .To assess the quality in qualitative research, a framework has been designed by Spencer et al (2003). This framework consists of four guiding principles which branch out into appraisal questions’ and ‘quality indicators’. Let us try to assess the quality of a qualitative work on the basis of this framework. Credible/clear discussion of how findings have contributed to knowledge and understanding (e.g. of the policy, programme or theory being reviewed); might be applied to new policy developments, practice or theory Through the literature review the study claims to be unique in the sense that previous studies focused on identification of stressors while this study undertakes comparison of the identified stressors. Since, no study undertook such comparison, it investigates a new aspect of previously identified area. At the same time, it identifies a new area for investigation-- ‘‘safety’’, the demands associated with terrorist threats. It does give a detailed description of the contexts of study elite UK athletes from a wide range of sports but no mention of generalization to other settings. However, it

Right To Freedom Of Religion And Expression Religion Essay

Right To Freedom Of Religion And Expression Religion Essay Religion is a particular system of faith and belief concerning the cause, nature and the purpose of the universe. There are number of religions in the world with the major religions as Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism. Each religion has different concept of God as well as different lifestyles as guided by their religious leaders. It can be clearly observed that every person has distinctive lifestyle with their own interests, activities, opinions and attitude. Even the way they are carrying themselves in the dresses or their outer appearance also forms the essential part of their lifestyles. While most of the civilized societies have settled down in peace with the tremendous efforts in raising the respect for each religion amongst the residents, creating the essence of brotherhood and humanism, there still exist many areas in the world where intolerable attitudes towards other religions and their lifestyles are found and the conflicts still remain unresolved. From past histo ry to present day, there are so many stories and incidents revealing about the religious wars and their resulting in emotional, physical and economical calamities. If it is seen through the past history, first the war started between Jews and Christians followed by the Christians and Muslims and then later some intolerable Muslim emperors and leaders started discriminating and violating the Hindu beliefs and lifestyles. And in this way throughout history religion has been misunderstood and abused. Majority uses it as a source of power and domination over the other religion people and their beliefs. In fact in the name of the religion number of injustices is done in one way or other and in the cause whole humanity is suffering from the earlier BC period till now. And this violation has been done to such an extent that even the word religion has lost its true meaning which is sign of peace. Truth is that no religion taught this. Every religion spreads the message of peace. Though thes e conflictions have been diluting with the time but unfortunately it seems to be everlasting and will be always lingering amongst the societies. Always such examples can be traced where there is a conflict on the views, violation in the name of the religion, hatred for others activities even in the present day. And where the extremists do not have any ironic point to fight at they start attacking the minor issues like dress codes. Dresses give the reflection of their religions. In some cases the dresses they wear is obligatory to wear them. Major religions that have the strict dress codes are Islam, Sikhism, Buddhism and monks. In Islam, its obligatory for both men and women to wear the modest dress but women have to wear the clothes that cover almost every part o her body except face, hands and feet (Hijab). Both Sikhs men and women have to cover their heads according to their religious laws. They wear a metal bracelet (Kara) on their wrists as it is their religious identity. Traditional dress of the Jews men includes payos, curled forelocks and shawls. Buddhist nuns and monks wear robes (http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0900638.html). And similarly many other existing believers in this world have some sort of traditions and faiths about what they wear. Some part of the world also has such people who do not believe in system of religious clothing. They like to wear whatever they like without any religious pre ssure. As a general rule, the rights to freedom of religion and expression entail, that all people should be free to choose what and what not to wear. These rights cannot be restricted simply because some even a majority find a form of dress objectionable or offensive. But the problem exists when the persons individual choice is curbed due to the facts and merely useless causes. Whatever be the reason for this, it is totally inhumane. Without going beyond hundred years or centuries, past recent years itself gives the evidence of such happenings. The most popular controversial issue has been the matter of Hijab that has reflected huge disagreements between the Muslim beliefs and western societies. Some other examples also dictate the similar stories are discussed below. Controversy of Hijab in the western countries Not so far it was the recurrent news in 2004 when France government banned the wearing of Hijab and Burqa in the schools, colleges, work places and even most of the public places. Even some other countries like Spain and Germany also wanted to implicate such laws in their respective countries. After the incidence of 11/11 even America was not behind in restricting the Muslims from openly following their religious beliefs though they claim the reasons for this to be political. In one of the articles its stated that If you chose to wear Hijab guaranteed obstacles are going to come your way. There will be a problem in schools and colleges, in the career field. The girls who will be wearing Hijab will not have as many as opportunities as the girls who are without it. (Nadia Fadir, 2009). They suffer great underestimation just because of something that has so modest reason to be followed. Wearing Hijab does not at all mean that women cannot perform better or possess less knowledge. In fac t this is something which protects the women from bad part of the society. Why there are such conflictions where innocent are suffering? Is it less than a terrorist attack? It cannot be judged to what extent it is hurting and exploiting the rights of the woman. Definitely Muslims have full right to fight against these unjust laws to be implicated. It is right to defend the girls right to wear her religious dressings if she chooses so. On the other hand she should not be forced if she does not want to. That is also unacceptable. As Muslims denounce the violation of their religious freedom similarly they should also tolerate the non-Muslim beliefs and care should be taken that their ways are not unmolested. Issue of the Sikh turban While there was a ban on headscarves there was equal opposition on the Sikhs wearing turbans and even the Jews wearing yarmulkes in the western countries. Sikh turbans are facing the difficult times in the western countries though the current immigration status of the Sikhs originated in the period of 1980s when there were many conflicts between Hindus and Sikhs in India (Priyeneha Gohil, 2004). Though time have brought a great change to the Indian province regarding the religious matters, but for a long period of time Sikhs did not have much space in the political world and were assigned for other high official posts in a limited number. Turban was the major reason behind their rights being curbed. They were looked upon by odd eyes as they were not the part of the society. Besides being a citizen of India, they are just found adjusting in the Punjab Territory. India is majorly a Hindu country and Hindus are not accustomed to cover their heads with turban as Sikhs. These rights canno t be restricted simply because some even a majority find a form of dress objectionable or offensive. Their right of wearing turbans should not be violated. They have full right to follow their own ways and lifestyles. They should have an equal access to all the opportunities as an integral part of the community. Other similar issues Religion is a way of life. Everyone has an equal right to choose their own lifestyle. Number of people in this world decides not to follow any particular belief and desire for freedom of thought and outward appearance but now on contrary, these sorts of people have also been targeted somewhere by the religious countries or religious people. They are tortured even if they are not harming anybody or interfering in others beliefs. They are blamed for spoiling the religious values and thought to be against the existence of God which is not true. Orthodox people forget that Gods first lesson through every religion is humanity. They possess intelligence and participate in the development of the economy as equally as others but yet they are not spared. Though small, but these significant issues are creating differences amongst the different cultures which are of no worth. It is giving rise to hatred and wars. The main reason for this reason we have made the religions as a cage to keep ourselves confined to that and trying to force others as well to remain within this rather than raising the spirituality levels which takes us to the greater heights. Spirituality will always overstate the similarities while understating the differences. These kinds of restrictions and conflicts are not adding to the glory of any religion or society but rather highlighting their harsh part. These all immoderate acts are the result of the ignorance of the true meaning of the religion and the lack of knowledge and ill-bred nature. These behaviours are anti ethical to religious and moral ethics. Moreover when the God will measure the man he will measure the hearts but not the brains and outward appearance unless it is becoming the reason of causing some deadly sins to prevail.

General Guidelines for Strength Training :: essays research papers

General Guidelines for Strength Training 1. Train with a high level of intensity. It has been shown that the harder you train (intensity), the greater the adaptive response. A high level of intensity is characterized by performing an exercise to the point of concentric (positive) muscular failure, i.e., you've exhausted your muscles to the extent that the weight cannot be moved for any more repetitions. 2. Follow the "double progression" technique in regards to repetitions and weight. For a muscle to increase in size and strength it must be forced to do progressively harder work. Your muscles must be overloaded with a workload that is increased steadily throughout the course of your program, often referred to as progressive overload. Therefore every time you work out you should attempt to increase either the weight you use or the repetitions you perform relative to your previous workout. Each time you attain the maximum number of repetitions, you should increase the resistance for your next workout. The point to remember is that the weight must always be challenging. The resistance should be increased in an amount that you are comfortable with, usually approximately 5-10% 3. Perform one-two sets of each exercise. In order for a muscle to increase in size/strength it must be fatigued or overloaded for an adaptive response to occur. It really doesn't matter whether you fatigue your muscles in one set or several sets - as long as your muscles experience a certain level of exhaustion. Numerous research studies have shown that there are no significant differences when performing either one, two or three sets of an exercise, provided, of course, that one is done with an appropriate level of intensity, to the point of concentric muscular failure. 4. Reach concentric (lifting phase) muscular failure within a prescribed number of repetitions. The general recommendation is 8-12 reps, but this can vary from individual to individual and for different body parts and depending on the individuals goals. Normally, a rep scheme may be anywhere from 6-10 to 12-15. 5. Perform each repetition with proper form. This one we can't stress enough as it's such a common mistake, especially among young trainees. A repetition should be performed by raising and lowering the weight in a deliberate, controlled manner. So how many seconds per repetition? The general guideline is a 6 second repetition consisting of a 2 second lifting (concentric) phase, followed by a 4 second lowering (eccentric) phase.

Motherhood in The Bean Trees Essay

   Another prominent example of motherhood is Lou Ann’s relationship with Dwayne Ray. Although the baby has not developed a personality yet, and cannot respond with his mother, we cannot tell how Dwayne Ray’s part of the relationship is, but we can predict how it will be. It can be assumed that he will always be cared for by his mother, Lou Ann, for her worrisome ways and fear of her sons death keep her a vigilant mother, unrelenting in keeping him as safe and healthy as possible. When she asked Taylor of her opinion of her motherhood skills, Taylor replied that â€Å"‘The flip side of worrying to much is just not caring†¦ Dwayne Ray will always know that, no matter what, you’re never going to neglect him. You’ll never just sit around and let him dehydrate, or grow up without a personality, or anything like that. And that would be ever so much worse. You read about it happening in the paper all the time†¦ Somebody forgetting a baby in a car and letting It roast, or some such thing. If anything, Lou Ann, you’re just too good of a mother. ‘† (pg. 156) of which she speaks total truth that Lou Ann, although worrisome and lacking in backbone, still is a good mother, because she tries with all her efforts to make sure Dwayne Ray grows up. She is of the most passionate of mothers in the book, and will do her utmost to see to it that Dwayne Ray will live past 2000, despite whatever her dreams and nightmares may tell her. Taylor, the main mother of the book, is the only non-biological mother represented, which makes her relationship with Turtle all the more special, meaning that she took her despite their lack of family ties, and fought to keep her, although she could have easily relinquished her duties as mother. Throughout the book, she plays a role she’s avoided all her life, in order to protect and care for this little girl that was given to her care against her own wishes. She has absolutely no clue what to do, and constantly worries that she isn’t raising Turtle properly. Her worries are lessened, however, after Turtle beings speaking, her first noise being laughter because if Turtle was unhappy, she would have not laughed when she did a somersault. Taylor becomes more confidant in her role, and eventually accepts it to be perfectly normal, as does everyone else, and no one even considers Turtle not to be Taylor’s child, proven when many biological references are made between the two, despite their lack of blood ties. After Turtle is attacked in the park, Taylor begins to think that she isn’t doing a good job as a segregate mother, and when Turtle is threatened to be taken away from Taylor, she feels that the case to save Turtle is helpless and begins to think that the state department would do better than she would in raising the child. However, Mattie convinces her otherwise when she tells Taylor that she isn’t asking the correct questions, that â€Å"You’re asking yourself, Can I give this child the best possible upbringing and keep her out of harms way her whole life long? The answer is no, you can’t. But nobody else can either. Not a state home, that’s for sure. For heaven’s sake, the best they can do is turn their heads while the kids learn to pick locks and snort hootch, and then try to keep them out of jail. Nobody can protect a child from the world†¦ Do I think it would be interesting, maybe even enjoyable in the long run, to share my life with this kid and give her my best effort and maybe when all’s said and done, end up with a good friend. ‘† (pg. 178). What Mattie says here when comforting Taylor is a Barbara Kingsolver definition of motherhood. Taylor worries that she is unable to care for a child, and that with this attack, even the state would do a better job than she could, but, as Mattie said, no one can protect a child from the world, and especially someone that doesn’t care for them, like the state. They need a mother, a guardian, anyone that cares about them to raise as good a child as chance permits. Through the caring and affection Taylor received as a child, the worry and extreme concern Lou Ann pays Dwayne Ray, and Taylor’s behavior towards a child that is not her own, all show examples of how, biological or not, a mother or a mother-like role in a child’s life can lead them to riches or ruin. Their moral fiber, their behavior, their ethics all depend upon what they are taught and raised upon. Newt Hardbine and Jolene Shanks never had these morals and ethics instilled in them, thus leading them to terrible, even short lived, lives. Barbara Kingsolver uses these examples, even through minor characters such as Sandi at the Burger Derby and Bobby Bingo who sells vegetables out of his truck. All examples seen in The Bean Trees show that Motherhood and the role of a mother plays a predominant part not only in the book, but universally.

The last true story Ill ever tell

The last true story Ill ever tell Introduction Most people in American society as well as the world at large perceive American soldiers as the worst kind of people in the world. What they do not understand is the fact that most, if not all, of these solders fight for the good of their country. Moreover, their seniors usually make such decisions. Naturally, cultural lives in societies seem to isolate soldiers from the rest of the world and community.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The last true story Ill ever tell specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their integration in society has been difficult with some, like Crawford, finding it even more difficult while trying to relate to other members of the society. The last true story Ill ever tell is a story concerning a man who is drafted into a squad of soldiers during a period of his honeymoon and then he is sent to streets of Baghdad during the America-Iraqi war. Crawford writes about the time he spent wit h his wife through tough and trying moments. In addition, he argues in his book that, in the end of a soldier’s tale, things do not quench to a normal state when he gets back from Iraqi war. Crawford lost his spouse and could not find a stable job for quite a long time after the Iraqi war. He got used to sleeping over, in his friends’ houses while looking for jobs in different areas. The kind of life he experienced in Iraq and after was so devastating the he never wished for a repeat. This book is a true check to those who believe that people return from Iraqi war unchanged and looked down on by society for serving in a war that some soldiers did not even have a say on whether to go or not. This analysis will try to explore Crawford’s book concerning cultural values in American society. Discussion The last true story Ill ever tell In John Crawford’s book, The Last True Story I will Ever Tell, the writer Crawford is drafted from the United States National Guard to work in the Army overseas in the Iraq emperor. The book is drafted as a set of short stories that constitute some of Crawfords experiences in Iraq. This book gives a clear structure for recounting an experience with little logic. It is well known that journalist tend to take a global view of situations. This book begins with a story about the invasion where Crawfords section was caught with a few other sections in a dust storm. For instance, situations happened where they had to work at night without any visibility.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such experiences were of great concern to Crawford’s unit. In addition, there are times when they could not identify Iraqi tanks. This was quite frustrating to him, given the outcome of such sacrifices. According to him, as indicated in the novel, United States troop were manly in Iraq to guard Bagdad and not innocent civilians. He goes on to give a situation where in they spent most of their time protecting Iraqi gas stations. Crawford goes on to describe Iraq as a broken State given the fact that it is a third world country, which is at war with itself. Moreover, in his description of the city, he notes that it is filled with desert sand as wells sand due to deforestation and drought. Crawfords description of Iraq reveals the surreal illogical of the Bush government claims that Iraq was a real danger to the United States. Crawfords chapters are gripping, making the reader develop some feelings for his experienced knowledge in Iraq. The author describes their feelings as guardsmen in Iraq, it comes out clearly that they are exhausted and bored, among other problems. As National Guardsmen, they are recognized as second-class soldiers. This is mainly because they received a junior training as compared to other troops assigned in Iraq. They were relocated within different military grou pings, making their Iraq departure time descend lightly. According to Crawford, the enemy could not be easily identifies as militants (as was usually seen in the press) but rather as civilians since they mixed with them and sometimes using some s human shield. Crawford writes about the grudge that was directed to them. The author also perceives himself or herself as neglected with her friends. Their time in Iraq makes them to be more desperate and harmful in the society even though they are highly honored in the society. It is quite important to note that any of the troops that step outside the United States face several threats. These range from broken friendships and marriages to heavy casualties that may include deaths, among others such as physical injuries. This has greatly transformed peoples’ lives. The author goes on to reveal that his marriage also seems to be broken, and ties to console himself with beer from the Iraqis. This gives the book the picture of a group of reprinted stories because the details are simply too painful. In the book, some parts of the story are unknown.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The last true story Ill ever tell specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this context, his wife is seen to move away from his life, making life more difficult for Crawford. His major hopes of seeing a Penelope to be welcoming Muslims gives an indication that the two main clubs. However, the reader never finds out what happened. Finally, it is quite significant to note that United States solders make unimaginable sacrifices to save their country. Cultural Analysis This book contributor brings to life the fear and destruction of a war zone. The poverty, disease, and crime are very apparent and painful to watch. Any perception that the US military has changed their mind and saved Iraq will require to be re-examined once the public gets the real facts of what is happening and that people are suffering now more than ever before. Some of the games that keep these people safe are cards and video games, among others. The United States nationalism sticks to a standpoint on public opinion by creating fear through the various media houses. They achieve its real goals with little bother for the democratic process. The United States will perhaps leave with fewer casualties than they had in the Vietnam War, but no less domestic influence and damage to its international standing. The United States is facing within several years a historic defeat in Iraq. This defeat appears set to rebuild the Middle East for the upcoming generation. Middle Eastern governments that relied on the United States as a guarantor of their stability and continued existence will be forced to re-consider their positions and policies. This defeat to US interests will materialize because the Bush government has promised much bigger and persistent strength to the many Islamic groups. The Islamic gr oup view itself as the foremost part of the army of a global struggle against the dominions of evil made in a corrupt American empire. This worldview while opposing United States does so from the position of Islamic hegemony violated, of consecrated domains infiltrated and invaded by infidels. Conclusion After reading John Crawford’s book, â€Å"The Last True Story I’ll Ever Tell†, I have come to realize that my thoughts and beliefs about the soldiers in Iraq were very different to the reality of what happens during war and the aftermath.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cultural life in the society seems to isolate soldiers from the rest of the world. Their integration in society has been difficult with some, like Crawford finding it even more difficult while trying to relate to other members of the society. I used to think that soldiers going into the war voluntarily or because of the draft had the soldiers thinking, this is a tough job, but you have to do it for your country. Soldiers must go through harsh conditions and hostile situations with the thoughts in the back of their heads thinking that all they want is just to go home and share with their families. The conditions described in this book have shown that as hard as it is to be in Iraq, the aftermath for soldiers can be potentially worse. The book tells the stories of some things that someone may picture the United States Army doing, the good, and the bad. It gives you more of an inside look at what the regular U.S. soldier feels like during the war, even up to the point when he gets disc harged.

We Offer Best Blog Writing Service for Customers

We Offer Best Blog Writing Service for Customers Best Blog Writing Service for Post Writing Blog is the fastest and easiest way to improve your business, show that you are the one who specialized in the industry and of course attract potential customers. Attracting new customers is not the only thing that can be done with the help of blogging. Blog writing is also a good means of communication with your loyal customers. It helps to strengthen the relationship with them and find out their opinion about your company. Bestblog writing service can help you with that. Do you want to increase your rating and appear on the first positions during the online search? Posting articles rich in useful and interesting information will be noticed by search engine system and it will perceive your website as the up-to-date one, thus it will be placed on a higher position automatically. BestBlog Writing Service It is the bestblog writing service that helps customers with blog articles. We help you write the article and post it on your blog in a timely manner. There is no need to think about the topic, we can come up with it on our own and write an article for you. We offer high quality writing service and recommend you to avoid fraudulent cheapblog writing services. Our writers create high quality, original, deeply researched and perfectly written blog articles. In addition, we post the articles to your blog according to the previously discussed schedule. Interesting and Engaging Posts We will base the content of your blog article according to your requirements. Your website will be easy to find for potential customers due to our high quality articles. Forget about old ways of giving your phone number, customers will find you online faster. We guarantee that our articles will inform, educate and attract new customers every time a new article is posted on your website. How Best Blog Writing Service Works? First Step Sign In It is really easy and fast. Contact us and inform the project manager that you want to get our best blog writing service. Then we will research your business and industry you work in. we will figure out what makes your business unique and come up with interesting topics for your blog. Second Step Approve the Offered Topics As soon as you approve the topics we offer you, our expert and highly professional writers will start working on the articles. The content we create will be authentic and interesting for your targeted audience. Third Step We can post a written article directly to your blog If you give us permission, we can post a written article to your blog. You can provide us with the posting schedule and we will follow it to the letter. Our Content Will Make a Difference Achieve your objectives with the writer you choose.Save your precious time save your moneyFocus on your business tasks by outsourcing the article content writing. We work with a large number of writers. You can choose the writer you like to work with. Your chosen writer will create articles for your blog and they will help you to attract new customers.We can help you save time and money.Articles with strong content will definitely convince your customersHere at you will receive only unique and original content. Such articles will help you stand out of the crowd and you will be recognized among your competitors. Your visibility can be increased only with high quality articles posted on your blog. We can help you convince both your customers and search engines. Original and constantly updated content on your website is crucial for being in a top ranking on search engines like Google.

Quality Practices in Ireland and the United States Essay

Quality Practices in Ireland and the United States - Essay Example The quality management practices are used in both the USA and Ireland considerably. In the USA six sigma practices have been broadly used in various business sectors. The Total Quality Management (TQM) is also implemented with an intention to attain effective performance from the workplace. In Ireland both six sigma and TQM are executed in industries by removing the existing traditional procedures. Various examples are cited below that may clearly indicate the quality management practices in both the countries. Roadstone is one of the leading suppliers as well as manufactures of building materials in Ireland. The organization is extensively committed towards efficiency of energy as well as environmental sustainability. It implemented both six sigma and TQM for improving the performance standard. For improving the projects undertaken by the organization, the technique of TQM practice is widely used. The performance of energy and quality are increased considerably by the execution of six sigma (SEI, â€Å"Quality Techniques Boost Performance†). The approach of Total Quality Management is executed in Bus Eireann for the provision of bus services around Ireland. Bus Eireann is committed to provide customers with high quality service at an affordable price. The organization in order to maintain the quality develops excellent culture throughout their organization. For improving the methods of quality procedures the organization introduced top quality bus service for customers.

Natural Resources and Energy Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Natural Resources and Energy Paper - Essay Example The use of fuel wood in both industrial and domestic use is a major contributor to desertification and reduction of the forest cover (Department of sustainability Environment, WaterPopulation and Communities, 2009, p. 23). Likewise, the increase of population puts pressure on the existing forests. Human population growth is a factor affecting forest cover across the world. Human population has grown to reach seven billion in 2008, which is exerting pressure on the forests and the agricultural land. The growth of population has affected some species of wildlife and plants making them endangered. For instance, some wildlife and plants have been considered extinct because of over-exploitation or encroachment on their natural habitat. Encroachment on the natural habitat of the plants and wildlife is a major concern in the conservation efforts across the world. In spite of the efforts to conserve the forests, challenges exist in the society on the best approaches to conservation and prote ction of the natural habitat. The demand for land for establishment of towns and cities due to population growth is alarming and the challenge is made worse by the increasing need for energy supply. The development of renewable energy sources is vital for the development of sustainable forests. It will reduce reliance of wood fuel and fossil fuel. In addition, it reduces air pollution by reducing carbon emission. The best form of energy is hydrogenation which involves the use of water to generate electricity. It is environmentally friendly and encourages protection and conservation of the forest. The energy is considered renewable and effective because it has zero carbon emission. The success of hydro-generation depends on the availability of the water and height. Other energy sources that are environmentally friendly include solar and wind energy (McGrath, 2009). Together with hydro energy, wind and solar energy should be

Innovation and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

Innovation and Change - Essay Example Legitimate innovations are not always the commercialisation of a significant advance in product concept, but can be the process of making enhancements to an existing product. Beacham (2006, p.9) reinforces that innovation is â€Å"the successful exploitation of new ideas†, meaning that specific business processes or management ideology can be representative of legitimate innovation which radically or incrementally change the methodology by which a business improves itself. The end result of innovation as a new idea, rather than a radically exclusive and exceptional product development, is being able to differentiate the innovative firm from its competitor base. For the sake of argument, it should then be recognised that genuine innovations involve making non-replicable changes to business strategy, service delivery processes, internal cultural dynamics both professional and social, improving functionality through software technology implementation, or blending existing technol ogies to create greater value for the firm in a way that has not been conceived of by rival firms. When attempting to determine whether SMEs are better able to innovate than larger organisations, it is necessary to clearly define the concept of what actually constitutes an innovation. An initial assessment of innovation, using the premise that a legitimate innovation is solely related to radical product development, would seem to point toward a larger organisation being more equipped to provide innovation than their smaller business counterparts due to higher capital availability, more labour and divisional support, and more refined manufacturing capacity. Taking into consideration the tangible definition of innovation, involving a variety of conceptions not always related to product, it is actually much more realistic to believe that the SME is much better equipped to provide innovation than the larger corporation. This essay describes the characteristics of the SME that actually m ake innovation more easily achievable than larger businesses, including an emphasis on leadership, cultural development, the political hierarchy, the nature of SME team functioning, organisational structure and managerial prowess in understanding the relationships between inputs and outputs that assist in sustaining the small to medium enterprise. The political hierarchy and business culture In order to successfully innovate, it is necessary to transform tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge within an open culture environment. Tacit knowledge is highly specialised, consisting of expertise that is not easily translatable and transferrable to individuals within the organisation that do not maintain similar expertise. Explicit knowledge is generally defined as documented, easy-to-transfer information such as journals, drawings, schematics and internal procedures that is accessible and understood by all organisational members (Fodor 1968). In the large organisation, especially a multi -national company which maintains a high volume of inter-dependent business divisions, including procurement, research and development, sales and marketing, human resources, and manufacturing, each business unit/division maintains expert (tacit) knowledge labourers. Within the large corporation, it is uncommon for individuals that have been hired for their specific skills and capabilities to be cross-trained under a job rotation

Data Collection Essay Example for Free

Data Collection Essay * The Rough was excluded during the calculation of the mean as the rough was a trial to indicate the general whereabouts of the end point, which is inaccurate of the exact end point. Table 2. Observations collected during the experiment. Table contains observations which were recorded during each trial of the experiment. Trials Observations Before trials * When water was added to the crystals of oxalic acid, it dissolved almost instantly with a light stirring of the beaker. Rough * When two drops phenolphthalein was added to the solution of sodium hydroxide, the solution turned pink. * After adding about 20.8dm3 of oxalic acid into the sodium hydroxide solution, while swirling the conical flask, the solution turned completely clear the oxalic acid was filled up to 21dm3 to have a rounded rough end point to work with. 1 * When two drops of phenolphthalein was added to the sodium hydroxide solution, the solution turned pink. * After adding about 20dm3 of oxalic acid solution, while swirling the conical flask gently, each drop of oxalic acid solution began to turn the pink solution slightly clear. * After about 20.6dm3 oxalic acid solution was added, the pink solution turned completely clear. 2 * Two drops of phenolphthalein was added to sodium hydroxide solution, producing a pink coloured solution. * After about 20dm3 of oxalic acid solution was added, each drop began turning the pink solution slightly clear. * After adding around 20.4dm3 of oxalic acid solution, the pink solution turned completely clear. 3 * Two drops of phenolphthalein was added to the sodium hydroxide solution, turning the solution in the conical flask pink. * After adding about 20dm3 of oxalic acid solution, each drop began turning the pink solution slightly clear. * When about 20.3dm3 of the acid was added, the pink solution turned completely clear. Data Processing 1. Write an equation for the reaction. (COOH)2 + 2NaOH 2NaCO3 + 2H2O 2. What amount (in moles) of NaOH is present in 20.0 cm3 of 0.097 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution? c = n/v c = 0.097mol dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.001 = 0.097mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (0.001/0.097 x 100%) = 0.097mols dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.03% v = 20.0cm3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.04 = (20.0/1000) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (0.04/20.0 x 100%) = 0.020dm3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.2% n = ? n = c x v n = 0.097 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.03% x 0.020 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.2% n = 0.00194 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (1.03 + 0.2)% ? n = 0.00194 mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23% 3. What amount of oxalic acid was present in the average volume required to react exactly with the sodium hydroxide solution? Using the molar ratio of 1:2 for acid : base respectively: 0.00194 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23% / 2 = 0.00097 mols ? amount of oxalic acid present = 0.00097 mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23% 4. What amount of oxalic acid was present in your 250 cm3 volumetric flask? Concentration of acid in 250mL is the same as the concentration of acid in 1L. Therefore the concentration of acid in 1 dm-3 of acid solution is the same as concentration of acid in 250mL: c = n/v c = 0.0119à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.03% / 0.25 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(0.15/250 x 100%) c = 0.0476 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (2.03+0.06)% ? c = 0.05 mols dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09% (concentration of acid) c = n/v 0.05à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09% = n / 0.25 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.06% 0.05à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09% x 0.25à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.06% = n ? n = 0.0125 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (2.09 + 0.06)% ? moles of oxalic acid in 250mL solution = 0.0125 mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.15% 5. What is the mass of one mole of oxalic acid? n = m/MM MM = m/n MM = 1.5g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.02 / 0.0125mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.15% MM = 1.5 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(0.02/1.5 x100%) / 0.0125à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.15% MM = 120 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(1.33+2.15)% MM = 120 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% m = n x MM m = 1 x 120à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% ? mass of one mole of oxalic acid = 120g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% 6. How many molecules of water of crystallisation are present in one mole? MM of (COOH)2 = 2(12.01 + 32 + 1) = 90.04 MM of H2O = (2.02 + 16) = 18.02 (COOH)2.xH2O = 120g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% ? 90.04 + 18.02x = 120g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% ? 18.02x = 120g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% 90.04 ? 18.02x = 29.96à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% (/18.02) ? x = 1.6626à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% ? Molecules of water of crystallisation = 1.66à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.06 Conclusion and Evaluation Discussion 1. Estimate the degree of uncertainty in your readings using the balance, the volumetric flask, the pipette and the burette. How accurately can you quote your answer? Balance = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.02g Volumetric flask = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.15mL Pipette = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.04cm3 Burette = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.15cm3 The equipments used were relatively accurate as the uncertainties compared to the collected values are small. 2. Compare your answer with the correct answer and work out the percentage error. Percentage error = [(experimental value actual value) / actual value] x 100% = [(1.6626 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% 2) / 2] x 100% = 16.87% à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.74% 3. Suggest any other reasons for possible error. Other reasons for possible error include the uncertainty of equipments, human errors and mistakes, possibility of contaminated solutions, air bubbles and transference of solution between equipments. This experiment was conducted to find the ratio of water in hydrate oxalic acid crystals. This included calculations of the theoretical and experimental values for the ratio of water in the hydrate oxalic acid crystals and the percentage errors of values compared. The equation for the reaction between the sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) and the oxalic acid solution ((COOH)2) was worked out, with the product being a salt (NaCO3) and water (H2O). As the oxalic acid solution is a dibasic acid solution, the reaction ratio with sodium hydroxide is 1:2. The amount of NaOH, in moles, was also calculated by multiplying the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution and the volume of sodium hydroxide solution used. The equation c = n/v was used to calculate this. The result was 0.00194 moles of NaOH in the sodium hydroxide solution with an uncertainty of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23%. The amount of oxalic acid presented in the average volume required to react exactly with the sodium hydroxide solution was also calculated; by dividing the moles of NaOH (0.00194à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23%) by 2, based on the 1:2 reaction ratio stated before. The result was 0.00097 moles with an uncertainty of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23%. The amount of oxalic acid present in 250cm3 was also calculated. The concentration of acid in 250mL is the same as the concentration of acid in 1L, therefore, the concentration of acid in 1dm-3 of the oxalic acid solution is the same concentration as the acid in 250mL. With this understood, the equation c = n/v was used once again. The concentration was first calculated by dividing the moles of NaOH by 0.25dm3. The result (0.05mols dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09), was used in further calculations to determine the moles of oxalic acid by multiplying the previous calculated concentration (0.05mols dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09) with 0.25dm3, resulting in the moles of oxalic acid in the 250mL solution as 0.0125mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.15%. This value was used in the calculation of the mass of one mole of oxalic acid. The equation n = m/MM was used in this calculation. The MM (molar mass) was first calculated, dividing the mass of oxalic acid crystals by the moles of oxalic acid (1.5 / 0.0125). The mass (m = n x MM) was calculated with the result of this (1 x 120à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48%), resulting in the mass of one mole of oxalic acid being 120à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48%. Finally, the molecules of water of crystallisation presented in one mole were calculated. This was done by using the mass of one mole of oxalic acid (120à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48%), subtracting the MM of (COOH)2 (90.04) from it and dividing the result by MM of H2O (18.02). The final result of the number of molecules of water in crystallisation equalled 1.66 with an uncertainty of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% or 0.06. With this final result, the percentage error was calculated, being 16.87%à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.74%. All the uncertainties within the values used were calculated into percentage through dividing the uncertainty by the value and multiplying it by 100%. The uncertainties were converted into percentages before doing calculations were done. There were several limitations found during this experiment which would have been the cause of an inaccurate final result the variation between the theoretical value of 2 and the experimental value of 1.66à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.06. These limitations include the uncertainties of the equipment, human errors and mistakes, possibility of contaminated solutions, air bubbles found in solutions and the transference of solution between equipments. The significance of these errors and the improvements are listed in the table below. Limitations Significance Improvements Uncertainty of equipments Uncertainties were obtained during the experiment through the use of equipments. The inaccurate recording of data would have affected the results in the end. Eg. The readings on the electronic scale werent fully stable and consistent at one value, it varied increasing and decreasing slightly. In the case of the electronic scale, it was suggested that the variation in weight value was due to the air-conditioning blowing down on it. The air-conditioner could be turned off to reduce the uncertainties and variations. Students could also prevent themselves from breathing heavily down onto the scale while measuring, this could have contributed to the variation as well. Human errors and mistakes Mistakes could affect the outcome and accuracy of results. Eg. While adding water into the volumetric flask to dissolve the oxalic acid crystals, a student accidentally added a little too much, over the 250cm3 that was intended. This would have over diluted the oxalic acid. This could have been avoided through patience while adding the water into the volumetric flask. This could also have been done slowly and carefully, probably using a pipette towards the end at the 250cm3 mark. Reading the measurement of the pipette, burette and volumetric flask could have been inaccurate, causing results to be inaccurate and in turn affecting the calculations. Inaccuracy could have been due to improper way of reading the measurement. Students should have bent down slightly with the measurement at eye level. Student`s heads should not be tilted but level with the equipment as well. The measurement should also be read at the parallax, not above or below it. Possibility of contaminated solutions The experiment was conducted with the use of several different solutions. These solutions could have accidentally been mixed in with each other, causing the solution to be contaminated. The results obtained due to this could have been inaccurate, affecting the final results. Being careful with the solutions used would help avoid this. Using clean equipments for each different solution, making sure the solutions that are not meant to be placed together do not get mixed with each other. After the use of some of the equipments, they were to be washed and reused for another solution. The equipments were not dried before being used again; this could have diluted the solution and contaminated it. Drying the equipment each time after it is washed/cleaned would prevent access water and dilution of solutions. Air bubbles When transferring the dissolved oxalic acid into the burette, there were some tiny air bubbles. This would have because the measurement to be inaccurate as the air bubbles would have caused the reading of the solution to be greater than it actually is. Over time when the bubbles removed itself from the solution which would have caused a decrease in solution. The inaccurate measurement reading would have affected the final results of the experiment. The burette could have been left alone for awhile to allow the bubbles to float to the top. Whatever the amount the bubbles made up for, fill the burette up again with the use of a pipette. Transference of solution between equipments When transferring solutions between two or more differing equipments would have caused an increase of decrease in measurement. An inaccurate amount of solution would have affected the results or recorded data. When using a funnel during the transference of solution into the burette, it caused some increase in the desired amount. This is due to the tip of the funnel having some drops of solution left in it and when the funnel was removed, the movement could have caused those drops to drop into the burette, causing an increase in amount of solution. This could be prevented by either slowly removing the funnel or using the funnel up to a certain mark, remove it and fill up to the desired amount with the use of a small pipette drop by drop. When using the 20mL pipette to transfer the sodium hydroxide into the conical flask, the tip of the nozzle had a drop that was tempted to drop out of the pipette. Avoid touching the sides and move the pipette over the flask slowly would reduce the chances of it dripping out and altering the volume of solution. A small amount of the solution was also stuck at the tip of the nozzle after being emptied. By touching the tip to the side of the flask would help that tiny bit of solution flow out. If possible have the nozzle flat on the side of the flask, this would allow it to flow out smoothly. To avoid or reduce these significant errors, these solutions and improvements should be taken into consideration during future repetition of this experiment. The experiment overall was invalid. Though the values in data collection may have been to a 0.10cm3 difference, the final calculation of the percentage error, 16.87%à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.74%, was much greater than the desired 1% causing the experiment to be invalid.

Fallen angels :: essays research papers

In the book Fallen Angels by Walter Dean Myers, we read about the hardships and troubles of the main character, Richard Perry, during the Vietnam war. Richie’s understanding of his part in the war is unknown to him, but as the death and destruction increases, he realizes that in war there are no parts.In the book Fallen Angels by Walter Dean Myers, we read about the hardships and troubles of the main character, Richard Perry, during the Vietnam war. Richie’s understanding of his part in the war is unknown to him, but as the death and destruction increases, he realizes that in war there are no parts.In the book Fallen Angels by Walter Dean Myers, we read about the hardships and troubles of the main character, Richard Perry, during the Vietnam war. Richie’s understanding of his part in the war is unknown to him, but as the death and destruction increases, he realizes that in war there are no parts.In the book Fallen Angels by Walter Dean Myers, we read about the hardships and troubles of the main character, Richard Perry, during the Vietnam war. Richie’s understanding of his part in the war is unknown to him, but as the death and destruction increases, he realizes that in war there are no parts.In the book Fallen Angels by Walter Dean Myers, we read about the hardships and troubles of the main character, Richard Perry, during the Vietnam war. Richie’s understanding of his part in the war is unknown to him, but as the death and destruction increases, he realizes that in war there are no parts.In the book Fallen Angels by Walter Dean Myers, we read about the hardships and troubles of the main character, Richard Perry, during the Vietnam war. Richie’s understanding of his part in the

Pricing strategy in video game industry Essay

Video Gaming industry has gone dramatic changes when more and more digital platforms emerge and improved technology in portable devices, mainly in social games(Facebook, Myspace) and mobile games. 27% of US online population play at least one game on social network, and Facebook gaming revenue hit $1. 32 billion in U. S market in 20111. Also, as more than more people have smart phone especially apple’s iOS devices, gaming application becomes more and more popular in mobile market(72% game applications on iTune)2. There are traditional console game players such as EA, Activision, Nintendo and Ubisoft in this industry, also there are leading company in the social game area such as Zynga in the market. Traditionally, console games are sold in retail stores with $39. 99 to $59. 99 retail price for the whole disc content. Hard-core games such as Call of Duty(Activision), Assassin’s Creed(Ubisoft) and etc. usually price at $59. 99 while casual titles such as Nintendo wii games price around 30$. Usually the pricing approach for these console game companies is the industry standard – means every player in this market follows the same rule as the same price. It can be considered as based on cost structure because of the long time of development (18 to 36 months), money-consuming game development cost and all kinds of add-on cost (packaging, marketing and third-party licensing etc. )3 They also only have two months’ shelf time as the game lunch. Because of the high entry barrier in the console game industry and high brand perception among customers, several main competitors dominate the market. The console game price does not differentiate too much among these players. However, as facebook’s extreme success leads to people’s behavior change to be more â€Å"social† associated, a plenty of small companies start to enter into social gaming market and undergo blast growth speed such as Zynga. Zynga’s pricing strategy is â€Å"Free-to-Play† and charging in-game micro-transaction items such as virtual gift or buildings. The free-to-play concept is not new in this industry because plenty of Korean online game companies such as Nexon, NcSoft already using this business model while traditional online games use subscription model ($15. 99 per month) such as World of WarCraft(Blizzard) and EVE Online(CCP Games). As the internet bandwidth improvement and more internet users in US(250 million)4, online games and social games represent strong growth trend comparing to traditional console games. And as users have more options in â€Å"free† games rather than premium games, more and more companies enter into this industry by offering products for free with micro-transaction options. Zynga’s most popular title â€Å"CityVille† has over 70 million monthly active users while best selling single console game Call of Duty(Activision) has 14 million copies sold in US market. Facing the competition of Facebook games with free to play concept and high growth potential of online game market, some of the traditional package-good game companies start to offer cross-platform Facebook game titles to increase their competency in the market such as EA, Sony and Ubisoft. Their main strategy is to develop Facebook companion games(Free to Play) to featured console game title. Those companions games not only offer free-to-play game content but also allow users to unlock items in the main console game such as Dragon Age Legend(EA). They intend to leverage their brand awareness in the gaming industry, acquire more users to play main games and increase monetization channel to increase revenue. EA responded very quickly in this digital trend by doing aggressive acquisitions for popular facebook or mobile game studios. However, a lot of other traditional console game companies react very slow (Ubisoft, Sony) or refuse to change (Nintendo). Most of console game companies conduct a conservative strategy and will develop several social games(much shorter develop time) to make trial because overall the console retail sales revenue is much higher than that in social and mobile market. Others are not capable of following this fast-paced digital step and suffered loss (THQ laid off 200 employees in 2011 because of decreasing sales in retail products). Most customers that play hard-core video console games generally are not satisfied with the â€Å"free-to-play† social companion games because of lower quality of overall game content and totally different game play with main games. A low quality companion product of Facebook platform will damage the company’s reputation in this industry for new users. However, since the users profile between hardcore players (average 29 years old male) and social players (average 35 years old female) are so different with very few overlap, it makes these console game companies indifferent to the failure of Facebook product. Online game market, on the other hand, the free to play options have a big impact to customers’ options. For example, World of Warcraft ( Most popular Massive Multiplayer Role Playing game, 12million users with $15. 99 monthly subscription fee) lost 600,000 users since 2008 while RuneScape(Jagex) (free-to-play game with subscription options at $5) has 150 million registered users and over 10 million active users. Blizzard responded to the competition since 2011 on â€Å"free to Play† options until level 20 in the game. Another game Lord of the Rings switched from subscription model to free to play model and saw double revenue and 400% user growth immediately. I would suggest the pricing decision maker in video game industry to look at customer, company capability, product feature, customer and competitors’ issues. Company – Analyze company’s positioning in terms of digital trend in the industry and focus on the products with higher profit margins – Analyze company’s cost structure and allocate reasonable resources on other platform product development based on financial forecast Product. – Since console game products have fixed price in the retail stores, figure out other possible channels for monetization such as digital add-on contents, special side-product package etc. – Decide possible virtual buying items based on the game mechanics and gamers motivation (self-expression, social status and social network) Distributor – Corporate and form good relationship with retail distributors for more resources on shelf presence and brand promotion Customer. – Deliver social companion games with high-quality contents to enhance main game – Deliver social games that directly target Facebook users – Promote company brand and establish community to highly engage with users Competitor – Learn from competitors on the digital content development – Expand to other country that competitors did not focus. Resources: 1. www. bizreport. com/2011/07/2011-social-gaming-revenues-to-exceed-1billion. html 2. http://mashable. com/2011/07/13/mobile-gaming-trends/ http://www. businessinsider. com/getting-into-the-mobile-gaming-game-2011-7.

Can Military Force Promote Humanitarian Values?

Abstract Recent years have seen an increase in humanitarian interventions which have involved military operations. However is it feasible that the two operations, military and humanitarian are compatibleThis paper investigates whether this is the case and, to do so, assesses military force in terms of the values which underpin humanitarianism. This paper utilises a case study from the Libyan conflict to assess whether there is a politicised nature in the push for military led humanitarian operations, and examines whether there is a political undertone in the increased usage of military forces. It is argued that this undertone serves to undermine the possibility that military forces can promote humanitarian Introduction For several decades, humanitarian intervention has been a factor in military operations. This paper examines whether military forces can promote the values of humanitarianism during aid operations. To do so this paper will examine a number of elements and seeks to define humanitarianism. In doing so, the question of what role military forces can play is considered. This includes, for example, where military forces are deployed to affected regions or states and the role which they have been asked to conduct. This paper investigates whether the underlying aims of military forces are compatible with that of humanitarianism. This paper argues that they are not and that recent years have seen developments where military action has been wrongly justified on the grounds of humanitarian intervention. What is Humanitarianism? The concept of humanitarian intervention which utilises military force can be classed as a subjective one. Whilst some commentator’s class military led humanitarian interventions as being â€Å"the use of military force to protect foreign populations from mass atrocities or gross human rights abuses† (Waxman, 2013), others such as Marjanovic (2012) define the action as being â€Å"a state using military force against another state when the chief publicly declared aim of that military action is ending human-rights violations being perpetrated by the state against which it is directed†. Yet despite the subjectivity, there is a series of components which can be extracted from these various definitions. These components include: a form of war or conflict, the potential that non-combatants will be negatively affected by this conflict; and where human rights abuses are considered to be taking place In essence, there are a number of factors which should be present when military led humanitarian assistance is being considered. Weiss (2012: 1) argues that there is an underlying notion of a â€Å"responsibility to protect† and that this has a tendency to dominate modern geo-political thinking, but instead it is arguable that the global community can be accused of cherry picking where it seeks to intervene. Weiss had previously argued that any intervention should incorporate aspects of post conflict redevelopment programming (Minear & Weiss, 1995), yet since the perpetuation of military led humanitarian interventions, he has reconsidered his perspective to argue that such actions should now constitute â€Å"activities undertaken to improve the human condition† (Weiss, 2012: 1). This latter inclusion indicates that the shift in conflict dynamics, from one which is largely based on conventional warfare to the usage of non-state actors and combatants in an asymmetric conf lict zone has been a party to Weiss’s new perspective. Where values are considered, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) (2013) argue that these incorporate aspects of humanity, impartiality, neutrality and independence. Essentially, therefore, it can be argued that where military forces are deployed to support humanitarian operations that it is essential they act according to these guiding principles. Role of the Military in Humanitarian Interventions Recent years, particularly since the end of the Cold War (Pattison, 2010), have seen military operations to support humanitarian interventions in a number of collapsed or failed states. These include, but are not limited to, Iraq, post-Gulf War One (1991 – 2003), Bosnia – Serbia (1995), Kosovo (1999), East Timor (1999) Somalia (2002), Haiti (2004), and Libya (2011) whilst other humanitarian interventions which have required military assistance can be considered to have taken place in post conflict Iraq and Afghanistan (Pattison, 2010). Weiss (2012) argues that the concept of humanitarian intervention has increased the potential for interventions into states in order to protect non-combatants from conflict. Contrary to this, the earlier reference to cherry picking provides a casing point when the political discourse which took place at the United Nations (UN) Security Council in relation to the ongoing conflict in Syria can be considered to be a case where the window o f opportunity for intervention has now closed, particularly since this conflict has led to the involvement of Islamic State and the Kurdish Peshmerga (Dagher, 2014). Increase in Military led Humanitarian Operations As stated, recent decades, particularly since the end of the Cold War, have seen a rise in the numbers of ethnically charged conflicts and where humanitarian interventions have been considered as necessary (Kaldor, 1998). In a review of this era, Kaldor noted that there had been a change in the dynamics of conflict and that the underpinning issue was of a series of belligerents and combatants which were not constrained by international regulations, such as the Geneva Convention protocols, Laws of Armed Conflict or relevant United Nations Charters (Kaldor, 1998). This changed dynamics has perpetuated and has spread to a number of conflict zones around the world, but has also seen a rise in the usage of conventional forces to support non-governmental organisations (NGOs). Similarly, Christoplos, Longley, and Slaymaker (2004) also noted a changed emphasis in humanitarian aid provision during this era. They argued that the underpinning programmes have been utilised to create a tripartite system of humanitarianism which incorporates rehabilitation (for both state and society), development of state and social infrastructures and relief programmes which provide for maintaining civil society during crisis periods. This particular perspective reinforces a belief that military interventions can help NGOs deliver aid by providing security (Seybolt, 2007). Nevertheless the incorporation of military activity into this mix has also resulted in a further complication since military operations deploy to aid zones with a preposition of maintaining operational security. This includes the potential for combating belligerent forces where such a need exists (Davidson, 2012). Stability Operations Global Humanitarian Assistance (GHA) (2013) argues that the first decade of the twenty first century has seen a near trebling of military support for NGOs in countries which have been affected by war, natural disaster or where the state infrastructure has been affected sufficiently that it is unable to assist with recovery programmes. GHA also note that peacekeeping operations have increased at a similar rate, particular in the years discussed earlier by Kaldor (1998) to the present day. UK military doctrine emphasises that any military activities which has a humanitarian focus should incorporate stability operations (Ministry of Defence, 2011). In clarifying this position, the UK Ministry of Defence added that: â€Å"The peacekeeper fulfils a mandate with the strategic consent of the main warring parties, allowing a degree of freedom to fulfil its task in an impartial manner, while a sustainable peace settlement is pursued.† (Ministry of Defence, 2011: 1.1). Such a perspectiv e indicates that the simple inclusion of additional personnel to assist NGOs is not the primary role of military forces but instead is indicative of a more political role which is intended to shape the political landscape of the affected region or state where assistance is being provided. This aspect does not sit comfortably with the principles of humanitarianism as espoused by NGOs such as the ICRC (2013). This perspective is further enforced when it is noted that the Ministry of Defence cannot rule out military action during humanitarian operations. Doctrinal papers evidence that military operations will also incorporate war fighting components as well as security duties. This was the case in Afghanistan, which was a stabilisation operation during which the UK military â€Å"had the consent of the host nation government but no other warring party (Afghanistan: Taliban 2001 – present) [†¦] A military force may decide in such situations that the defeat of a specific enemy is essential to the success of the operation.† (Ministry of Defence, 2011: 1.1). Essentially, therefore, there is a political perspective which can serve to undermine any arguments of altruism during a humanitarian operation which is supported by military efforts. Should Military led Humanitarian Interventions be justified? The UN backed military operation in Libya during its recent uprising and civil conflict was arguably mandated via humanitarian intervention based upon aid relief and assistance (United Nations, 2011). However it is arguable thatthat this particular intervention was politically motivated since it is evident that the Gaddafi regime had previously irked those states (USA, UK & France) which were at the forefront of the military aspect of intervention (Boulton, 2008). The argument put forward by the trio of states sought to ensure a quick resolution to the conflict and that a perpetuation of the conflict would lead to a humanitarian crisis. Kuperman (2011) notes that Resolution, 1973 allowed for a number of additional practices by military forces. These included, for example, allowing intervening forces to stabilise the Libyan conflict, to assist the undermining of the authority of the Gaddafi regime and to help bring the conflict to a swift conclusion. To achieve this Kuperman (2011) no tes that Libyan state financial and economic assets were frozen, the regime was also subjected to an arms embargo (Kuperman, 2011). It is also to be noted that the USA, France and the UK also operated outside of the mandate provided by the UN by deploying private military contractors to fight alongside insurgents seeking to overthrow the Gaddafi regime (RT News, 2012). That said, the Libyan conflict has not ended and continues to dominate local Libyan politics and society. This outcome serves only to undermine the utilitarian role of humanitarianism. It is fair to suggest that the actions by military forces were more political than humanitarian and served only to perpetuate the US led policy of regime change. This is a factor which Williamson (2011) argues has resulted in military planners utilising military force within humanitarian relief efforts and which has served only to muddy the political and societal dynamics of any affected zone. Williamson’s (2011) argument can be considered in tandem with the British military doctrine which refuses to rule out combat efforts but in relation to the post-Cold War era which has seen non-state combatants realign the battlefield to one which compares directly to a counter insurgency warzone (US Government, 2012). Legal Issues Where the Libyan case study is considered, it is worthwhile noting that, previously, Goodman (2006) had argued that there is a clear contradiction between military interventions into any state using a guise of humanitarian purposes. Goodman (2006) furthers his argument by stating that there is no legal justification for a unilateral humanitarian intervention into another country, and that it is highly unlikely that such a move will ever be likely. The rationale behind this argument is that states then have the potential to militarily intervene in other states using humanitarianism as a justification for regime change or some other ulterior motive. It is to be noted that Goodman bases his arguments upon the dynamics of recent interventions in Kosovo and Iraq as well as the refusal to intervene in the Sudan or in Rwanda (Goodman, 2006). Similarly when attempts were made to intervene militarily under the auspice of humanitarianism in Syria, this was rebuffed by the UN General Assembly s ince it was suggested that those who sought to intervene (again, the USA, UK and France) were doing so out of a political motive which involve a war fighting phase as opposed to relieving suffering on the ground, indeed a part of the proposal was to arm anti Assad militias which were aligned to the al Qaeda franchise (Benotman and Blake, 2013). The outcome of this particular policy has been the evolution of Islamic State. Conclusion In conclusion, the incorporation of a military force to benefit humanitarian operations can serve to benefit the potential for aid relief via the provision of security escorts for NGOs when operating in hostile environments. However with recent decades seeing a vast increase in the preference for military led humanitarian operations, the potential for a conflation between humanitarian principles and the advancing of political aspirations of donor states cannot be denied. This has been the case in Libya where humanitarianism was presented as a causal justification for military interventions which were mostly politically or ideologically led. With the vales of humanitarianism incorporating impartiality and neutrality it is hard to see how military forces can promote humanitarian values, particularly when their presence may result in engaging with potential belligerent forces in order to stabilise a country or region so that NGOs can conduct their own operations successfully. Essentiall y, therefore the aims of military forces (and their political masters) are vastly different from aid agencies, this serve to provide confirmation that military forces cannot promote humanitarian values, purely by virtue of their own activities and nature of their work. Bibliography Benotman, N., and Blake, R. (2013) Jabhat al-Nusra: A Strategic Briefing, London: Quilliam Foundation. Boulton, A. (2008), Memoirs of the Blair Administration: Tony’s Ten Years, London: Simon & Schuster. Christoplos, I., Longley, C. and Slaymaker, T., (2004) The Changing Roles of Agricultural Rehabilitation: Linking Relief, Development and Support to Rural Livelihoods, available at http://odi.org.uk/wpp/publications_pdfs/Agricultural_rehabilitation.pdf, (accessed on 13/11/14). Dagher, S., (2014) Kurds Fight Islamic State to Claim a Piece of Syria, (online), available at http://online.wsj.com/articles/kurds-fight-islamic-state-to-claim-a-piece-of-syria-1415843557, (accessed on 13/11/14). Davidson, J., (2012) Principles of Modern American Counterinsurgency: Evolution and Debate, Washington DC: Brookings Institute. Global Humanitarian Assistance, (2013) Counting the cost of humanitarian aid delivered through the military, London: Global Humanitarian Assistance. Goodman, R., (2006) Humanitarian Intervention and Pretexts for War, (J), American Journal of International Law, Vol. 100: 107 – 142. International Committee of the Red Cross, (2013) Humanitarian Values and Response to Crisis, (online), available at https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jmlz.htm, (accessed on 13/11/14). Kaldor, M., (1998) New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, Cambridge: Polity Press. Kuperman, A., (2011) False Pretence for war in Libya, available at http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2011/04/14/false_pretense_for_war_in_libya/accessed on 13/11/14). Marjanovic, M., (2011) Is Humanitarian War the Exception?, (online), available at http://mises.org/daily/5160/Is-Humanitarian-War-the-Exception, (accessed on 13/11/14). Minear, L and Weiss, T.G., (1995) Mercy Under Fire: War and the Global Humanitarian Community, Boulder: Westview Press. Ministry of Defence, (2011) Peacekeeping: An evolving Role for the Military, London: HMSO. Pattison, M., (2010) Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility To Protect: Who Should, Oxford: Oxford University Press. RT News, (2012) Stratfor: Blackwater helps regime Change, (online), available at http://www.rt.com/news/stratfor-syria-regime-change-063/, (accessed on 13/11/14). Seybolt, T., (2007) Humanitarian Military Intervention: The Conditions for Success and Failure, Oxford: Oxford University Press. United Nations, (2011) Resolution 1973, (online), available at http://www.un.org/press/en/2011/sc10200.doc.htm#Resolution, (accessed on 13/11/14). US Government, (2012) Counter Insurgency, Virginia: Pentagon. Waxman, M., (2013) Is humanitarian military intervention against international law, or are there exceptions?, (online), available at http://www.cfr.org/international-law/humanitarian-military-intervention-against-international-law-there-exceptions/p31017, (accessed on 13/11/14). Weiss, T., (2012) Humanitarian Intervention, Cambridge: Polity Press. Williamson, J., (2011) Using humanitarian aid to ‘win hearts and minds’: a costly failure?, (J), International Committee of the Red Cross, Vol. 93, (884): 1035 – 1062.